Death Anxiety and Caregiver Burnout - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1438 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2019/04/11 Category Psychology Essay Level High school Tags: Anxiety Essay Did you like this example? Introduction: The nature of working in healthcare entails exposure to death. Death anxiety, according to Doenges (2016) is a nursing diagnosis defined as a Vague uneasy feeling of discomfort or dread generated by perceptions of a real or imagined threat to ones existence (p 219-222). Lee King (2014) add that Caregivers who experience death anxiety have anxious thoughts or feelings when thinking about or talking about death and/or the dying process, or when interacting with someone who is dying (p 480). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Death Anxiety and Caregiver Burnout" essay for you Create order Healthcare workers, including nurses, report feeling unconfident in their ability to talk about death, much less to provide talk therapy to dying patients, and are at greater risk of experiencing burnout (Lee King, 2014, p 480). As this writer struggles with work-related death anxiety, with respect to self and patients, an article (Exploring Death Anxiety and Burnout Among Staff Members Who Work In Outpatient Hemodialysis Units) on the subject of death anxiety specific to nurses was located in the ProQuest database. The article was analyzed so that possible solutions for death anxiety might be undertaken to prevent death anxiety-induced burnout. Summary: Lee and King (2014), the authors of the article, assert that caregiver death anxiety is positively correlated with burnout. They hypothesize that education on EOL care might serve as a treatment for death anxiety and burnout. They point out that both death anxiety and burnout can negatively impact the quality of care that caregivers provide, as well as their job satisfaction and increases job turnover (p 479-480). They found numerous studies that validate their assertions: that patient mortality is positively correlated with unresolved grieving (Gerow et al., 2010, as cited in Lee King, 2014), that these can lead to frustration, moral distress, compassion fatigue, depression, and burnout (Ashker, Penprase, Salman, 2012; Dermody Bennett, 2008; Hayes Bonner, 2010, as cited in Lee King, 2014), that turnover was positively correlated with psychological stress (Argentero, DellOlivio, Ferretti, 2008; Hayes Bonner, 2010, as cited in Lee King, 2014) and many more; a total of 33 scholarly resources were cited by the authors to validate their points. To test their hypothesis, they sampled fifteen nurses working in hemodialysis units and provided four classes on EOL care, each two hours long and one week apart from the others. To assess the efficacy of their program, they used the Revised Collet-Lester Fear of Death and Dying Scale and the Maslachs Burnout Inventory; both tools were administered before the program and after. The conclusion of the program was that it was successful, but with several limitations. All of the participants were female, the sample size was small, and not all of the participants finished the program. Because of these limitations, the authors admitted that results may not be generalizable to other [hemodialysis] units. In spite of this, the authors do not make any recommendations for further study or research. (Lee King, 2014, p 479-486) Critique: Lee King (2014) write in a clear and logical manner: they begin with an overview of the environment in which they plan to draw participants, their motives studying the topic chosen, their hypothesis and exactly how their experiment will test their hypothesis. They explain the study in appropriate detail and provide more than enough of evidence for their foundational claims. The important terms (death anxiety, burnout, unresolved grieving, hemodialysis, end-of-life care) were all defined by the second page of the article. The article made clear that the impact of death anxiety on caregivers was more extensive than this writer had thought; for example, the psychological strain created by death anxiety can lead to compassion fatigue (p 479-480). The article was submitted to the Nephrology Nursing Journal and is appropriate for their audience (nurses, especially those who work in the field of nephrology) as the topic is directly relevant to their field and explores solutions for a commo n problem that such nurses deal with (Lee King, 2014, p 479). Lee King appear to have a confirmation bias: the experiment they conducted had, at its end, only eleven participants and at no point did they establish a control group; yet they still concluded that their experiment was a success and made no mention of the placebo effect in their discussion of experimental limitations (Lee King, 2014, p 483-484). While this is the only error they have made, it is a rather serious error given that it is the culmination of the article and casts doubt on all of the primary research done by Lee King in this study. The only arguments that effectively support their main point lie in evidence drawn from other sources. The authors make no mention of an opposing viewpoint, further illuminating their confirmation bias. These flaws invalidate their limited conclusion. Reflection: Lee King (2014) promised to demonstrate a connection between death anxiety and burnout in the nursing profession, (p 479-481), and a cursory review of the article appears to offer a genuine solution to both. However, their experiment does not hold up to a critical and scientific analysis. The greatest feeling that this writer experienced while reading the article was a feeling of alienation as Lee King (2014) point out that one of the risk factors of psychological stress is being an unmarried male (p 481) and then proceed to conduct an experiment with only female participants. To be clear, even if the authors had made a concerted effort to recruit male participants it may have still proven impossible given the gender ratio in nursing; further, the advantages of being (an unmarried) male are legion; the same cannot be said for women (Kellet, et al, 2014, p 82-86). Knowing this does not alleviate the feeling of alienation, but given that the focus of the paper was on hemo dialysis and caregiver death anxiety (and not, for example, on how gender impacts the care provided by a caregiver), the authors are under no obligation to address this. In spite of its flaws, this article is still useful to a nurse struggling with death anxiety in relation to their work. The article confirms that death anxiety is not only common among caregivers, but that it is also worth treating. The authors make it clear that the tendency of nurses (and other caregivers) to avoid talking about death anxiety is problematic. They also point out the relationship death anxiety has with unresolved grieving, which suggests that death anxiety on the part of the caregiver might be alleviated by finding healthier ways to grieve for deceased patients that are still compatible with the professional and ethical expectations of the nursing profession, and may even improve the ability of a nurse to engage in therapeutic conversation with patients receiving EOL care (Lee King, 2014, p 480-481). Conclusion: This writer still struggles with death anxiety, but the act of reading the article have eased the symptoms. Lee King (2014) did explore death anxiety and burnout in the healthcare field (specifically hemodialysis) and included an experiment to test the efficacy of education on death anxiety. The experiment failed to include a large simple random sample, had no control, and ultimately did a better job of proving the authors confirmation bias than illuminate any actual solution for death anxiety. In spite of this, the authors diligence in their preliminary research (p 479-485) still made this paper a valuable resource for caregivers struggling with death anxiety. References Argentero, P., DellOlivo, B., Ferretti, M.S., (2008). Staff burnout and patient satisfaction with the quality of dialysis care. American Journal of Kidney Diseases, 51(1), 80-92.doi:10.1053/j.ajkd.2007.09.011 Ashker, V.E., Penprase, B., Salman, A. (2012). Work-related emotional stressors and coping strategies that affect the well-being of nurses working in hemodialysis units. Nephrology Nursing Journal, 39(3), 231-236. Dermody, K., Bennett, P.N. (2008). Nurse stress in hospital and satellite haemodialysis units. Journal of Renal Care, 34(1), 28-32. doi:10.1111/j.1755-6686.2008.00007.x Doenges, M., Moorhouse, M., Murr, A. (2016). Nurses Pocket Guide (14th ed.). Philadephia, PA: F. A. Davis Company Gerow, L., Conejo, P., Alonzo, A., Davis, N., Rodgers, S., Domian, E.W. (2010). Creating a curtain of protection: Nurses experiences of grief following patient death. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 42(2), 122-129.doi:10.1111/j.1547-5069.2010.01343.x Hayes, B., Bonner, A. (2010). Job satisfaction, stress, and burnout associated with haemodialysis nursing: A review of the literature. Journal of Renal Care, 36(4), 174-179. doi:10.1111/j.1755-6686.2010.00194.x Kellett, P., Gregory, D. M., Evans, J. (2014). Patriarchal paradox: Gender performance and mens nursing careers. Gender in Management, 29(2), 77-90. doi:https://dx.doi.org/10.1108/GM-06-2013-0063 Lee, V. L., King, A. H. (2014). Exploring death anxiety and burnout among staff members who work in outpatient hemodialysis units. Nephrology Nursing Journal, 41(5), 479-485,518,486. Retrieved from https://ezproxygbcc.ccsnh.edu/login?url=https://search.proquest.com/docview/1617932262?accountid=3779

Organizational Theory, Power And Politics And Control

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Helen Keller Essay Example For Students

Helen Keller Essay Imagine a life without being able to see or hear and not knowing how to communicate with anyone around you. That world of darkness is what Helen Keller lived in for six years. Helen Keller has been an inspiration to people ever since she turned six. From 1886-1960, she proved herself to be a creative and inspiring woman of America. She was a writer and lecturer who fought for the rights of disadvantaged people all over the world. Most importantly, she overcame her two most difficult obstacles, being blind and deaf. Helen Keller devoted her life to improving the education and treatment of the blind, deaf, and mute and fighting for minorities as well. Miss Keller was one of the first to educate the public and make them aware of inflicted individuals potential. Because of her persistence and strength, she is considered a creative and unique spirit by many people of the world, especially those who can relate to her physical impairments. Helen Keller was born a healthy child. When Helen was 19 months old, she became ill with what was known as acute congestion of the brain and stomach; this is now known as scarlet fever. As a result, she was left blind, deaf, and mute. For many of her earlier years Helen lived in darkness with very few ways to communicate with others around her. Obviously her attempts were not always successful. When she failed to communicate she would throw fits and have outburst that would upset not only her, but her family as well. Because of these violent fits, she appeared to be a very unruly child, but underneath all of the tragedy was a future inspirational figure that would surprise the world with amazing and countless abilities. A large amount of Helens accomplishments would not have been possible if it werent for her mother and father. Her parents read about Samuel Gridley Howes accomplishments with the deaf and blind at the Perkins Institution in Boston. With this knowledge, her father brought his daughter to Alexander Graham Bell, a family friend who was well known in society. Bell was so fascinated by six year old Helen that he recommended that she contact the Perkins Institute for the Blind in Boston. Anne Sullivan, who was also a recent Perkins graduate, was suggested to be Helens teacher by Michael Anagnos. Michael Anagnos was the professor of Samuel Gridley Howe, a gentleman who was having great success working with the deaf and blind at Perkins (Notable 389). Helens greatest inspiration and life long companion, Anne Sullivan, arrived at her home in Alabama in March of 1887. In just a couple of weeks, Helen learned that everything had a name and that she could communicate with others by using the manual alphabet. Helen also found that she could use the manual alphabet and lip reading to prove her intelligence. The manual alphabet is a system that contains 26 hand symbols, one for each letter of the alphabet. It is used to finger spell words. After a couple months of practice, she learned hundreds of new words. In the middle of July, just four months after Sullivans arrival, Helen was able to write her very first letter to her mother. People around the world were so amazed by her accomplishments that her first biography was written when she was only fourteen years old (Ashby Orhn 190). After the earlier successes, Helen and her teacher both left for the Perkins Institute for the Blind in Boston in 1888 to provide Helen with a more formal education. Helen and Miss Sullivan moved to New York in 1894 in order for Helen to study at the Wright Humason School for the deaf. .ub31410fe0b716e6b5038101fb6b87dd0 , .ub31410fe0b716e6b5038101fb6b87dd0 .postImageUrl , .ub31410fe0b716e6b5038101fb6b87dd0 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub31410fe0b716e6b5038101fb6b87dd0 , .ub31410fe0b716e6b5038101fb6b87dd0:hover , .ub31410fe0b716e6b5038101fb6b87dd0:visited , .ub31410fe0b716e6b5038101fb6b87dd0:active { border:0!important; } .ub31410fe0b716e6b5038101fb6b87dd0 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub31410fe0b716e6b5038101fb6b87dd0 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub31410fe0b716e6b5038101fb6b87dd0:active , .ub31410fe0b716e6b5038101fb6b87dd0:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub31410fe0b716e6b5038101fb6b87dd0 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub31410fe0b716e6b5038101fb6b87dd0 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub31410fe0b716e6b5038101fb6b87dd0 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub31410fe0b716e6b5038101fb6b87dd0 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub31410fe0b716e6b5038101fb6b87dd0:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub31410fe0b716e6b5038101fb6b87dd0 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub31410fe0b716e6b5038101fb6b87dd0 .ub31410fe0b716e6b5038101fb6b87dd0-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub31410fe0b716e6b5038101fb6b87dd0:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: My Academic Accomplishments EssayAnne raised money so that her student could attend the Cambridge School for Young Ladies. In 1896, Helen began her studies at Cambridge which included French, Greek, literature, mathematics, geography, and history. She then went on to attend Radcliffe College in 1980. In 1904, she graduated cum laude and received her AB Degree (Notable 390). Not only did Helen help the organizations for the blind, but she helped individuals as well. Helen reached out to help a young four year old boy who, like her, was deaf, blind and mute. His name was Tommy Stringer. Helen convinced Michael Anagnos to admit him into Perkins. She also raised a fund for the young boy. Over time, Helen has accumulated a tremendous amount of awards. These awards include: Brazils Order of the Southern Cross, Japans Sacred Treasure, the Philippines Golden Heart, Lebanons Gold Medal of Merit, and the Presidential Medal of Freedom. The National Institute of Arts and letters elected her membership as well. In 1952, during the Louis Braille Centennial Commemoration, Helen was made a chevalier of the French Legion of Honor (Hero 2) She had finally received all the recognition and honor that she deserved. Aside from being one of the earliest blind, deaf, and mute person to become active in society, Helen was also an author. Her first autobiography, The Story of My Life, was published in 1902 with the help of Ann Sullivan and John Macy. The Story of My Life became a world-wide best-seller and was translated into fifty languages. Before she had even graduated college in 1903, Helen wrote a 7,500-word essay called Optimism. Optimism reflected the goodness that Helen saw in life. After she graduated in 1904, she became even more involved in society. In 1906 Massachusetts instituted its State Commission for the Blind. Gov. Curtis Guild, Jr. appointed Helen to the commission (Notable 390). The World I Live In was published in 1909. It was a collection of essays about Helens perceptions of the world around her. Also that year, she became a member of the Socialist party. She was an aggressive suffragist and preferred strong and assertive tactics. During this time she also promoted a textile strike that took place in Lawrence, Mass. The strike was led my the Industrial Workers of the World. Being a socialist made Helens life more thrill and gave her life more of a purpose. Her beliefs were reflected through her work of this period. In 1910 A Song of the Stone Wall was published. This patriotic poem was 600 lines long. This was the last of her great poems. It is said that, After Anne Sullivan and John Macys marriage ended Keller never again wrote with such lyric power, (Notable 390). Also, a collection of socialist essays entitled, Out of the Dark, was published in 1913. Helen became active in politics once again when the President relinquished neutrality in World War I (Notable 391). She was against war and supported the Industrial Workers of the World once again. Helen also began to support many other movements during this time such as the abolition of capital punishment and child labor, the birth control movement, and also the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. Her involvement with this particular group seemed to be the most controversial and it infuriated her family and friends back in her home state of Alabama. The American Foundation for the Blind was founded in 1924 and asked Helen to help raise funds for the foundation. Helen agreed to campaign for the American Foundation for the Blind. She raised two million dollars and spread public awareness (Briggs 307). In 1929, the second volume of her autobiography, Midstream: My Later Life, was published. Helen continued to change the world during the 1930s. She began to urge the public in Washington for legislation for the blind. She was extremely successful and got the Pratt bill passed. The Pratt bill provided federal funded reading services for the blind. She also became the vice-president of the Royal National Institute for the Blind in the United Kingdom in 1932. In 1935 she helped enforce Title X in the 1935 Social Security Act. This recognized the blind as a group to receive federal grant assistance. .u9412a660e4ccb5a6acc6702c28fb06a9 , .u9412a660e4ccb5a6acc6702c28fb06a9 .postImageUrl , .u9412a660e4ccb5a6acc6702c28fb06a9 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u9412a660e4ccb5a6acc6702c28fb06a9 , .u9412a660e4ccb5a6acc6702c28fb06a9:hover , .u9412a660e4ccb5a6acc6702c28fb06a9:visited , .u9412a660e4ccb5a6acc6702c28fb06a9:active { border:0!important; } .u9412a660e4ccb5a6acc6702c28fb06a9 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u9412a660e4ccb5a6acc6702c28fb06a9 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u9412a660e4ccb5a6acc6702c28fb06a9:active , .u9412a660e4ccb5a6acc6702c28fb06a9:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u9412a660e4ccb5a6acc6702c28fb06a9 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u9412a660e4ccb5a6acc6702c28fb06a9 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u9412a660e4ccb5a6acc6702c28fb06a9 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u9412a660e4ccb5a6acc6702c28fb06a9 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u9412a660e4ccb5a6acc6702c28fb06a9:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u9412a660e4ccb5a6acc6702c28fb06a9 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u9412a660e4ccb5a6acc6702c28fb06a9 .u9412a660e4ccb5a6acc6702c28fb06a9-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u9412a660e4ccb5a6acc6702c28fb06a9:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Creationism and Darwinism EssayAfter the bombing of Pearl Harbor in World War II, Helen supported President Roosevelts decision to join with the democracies. She showed her support by touring military hospitals. After 1960, Helen retired from her public speaking and traveling. Her health was beginning to decline. She had a stroke in October of 1961 which caused her to remove herself from the outside world. She was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1964 but sent her family to accept the award in Washington. In 1968, Helen Keller died of arteriosclerotic heart disease in her home in Westport, Connecticut. Helen became known world-wide as one of the most remarkable children in existence by the end of 1887 (Notable 389). Her life-long goal was to help the disadvantaged, particularly the blind and the deaf. She had a huge impact on Perkins. Her hard work and devotion helped her to overcome her handicaps and also inspired others to overcome theirs. Helen pushed for the rights of the blind. She was a benefactor to womens suffrage and the international peace movement before World War I. Many agencies and institutions have been named after Helen Keller as well. Helen Keller International was set-up to fight blindness in the world. Currently, Helen Keller International is one of the biggest organizations that works with the blind overseas (The Life 3). In 1986, the Industrial Home for the Blind was renamed to Helen Keller Services for the Blind. This agency provides special services for the blind in New York. Because of her attempts and struggles, the blind now have better care, training, and employment. I am a beneficiary of her work. Because of her example, the world has given way a little, says David Jackson, a blind jazz singer (Shuur 2).

Water Pollution Essays (2135 words) - Ocean Pollution,

Water Pollution Nick Lambert 11/12/00 Physics CP (9-11) Ms. Monillas The societies of this world need to wake up, and not only listen to, but understand that it is time to find better ways of dealing with wastes, rather than nonchalantly dumping it into our oceans. For decades people in societies worldwide have taken advantage of the Earth's waters simply by dumping whatever they do not want into them. Apparently our time of easy disposal has run out, the oceans and the life within our showing distinct signs of poor health. The continuous dumping (or traditional dumping) of industrial wastes as well as sewage and garbage into the oceans is beginning to show definite signs of pollution caused stress. The National Research Council recently published information stating that human intervention has begun to take its toll on the marine environment. The ecological balance of oceans worldwide are at a dangerously unstable state, the effects of man-made pollutants introduced into the waters and seas are having severe consequences upon the marine life living t here. There is much that needs to be accomplished before scientists can fully understand how bad our oceans and seas really are. Even more importantly, is the fact that environmental action must be taken now to reduce the oceans growing plight. Arguably the most contributing polluters to our oceans are the major industries of the world. Industrial ocean pollution has incorporated a wide variety of polluters, ranging from major oil spills dispersing toxic chlorinated hydrocarbons (the resultant of the breakdown of petroleum) to PCB=s (polychlorinated biphenyls) as well as DDT=s (dichloro-diphenyl trichloroethane, which is banned in the U.S. but still largely used in third world countries) all of which are used widely in chemical pesticides and detergents The introduction of oil into our oceans occurs in three major ways; by tanker accidents, faulty underwater pipelines, or oilrig blowouts. The times atlas of oceans lists one hundred eighty-six tanker accidents between the years 1970 - 1985. Each accident was given an estimated oil-spill of ten thousand barrels (1,130 tons) or more. Potentially more disastrous are the oilrig blowouts, since they are more difficult than the tanker accidents. For example, in January 1969 an underwater oil drill exploded in the Santa Barbara Channel off the California coast. For nearly two weeks crude oil was polluted into the channel at nearly twenty-one thousand gallons a day. To this day wildlife experts are calling this spill the worst to ever hit the California coast, affecting over thirty different beaches, and killing thousands of birds, seals, and dolphins as well as affecting hundreds of different species of fish. Oil breaks down into different compounds, depending on the molecular structure of the crude. It breaks down by the process of evaporation which leads to the process of dissolution, which in turn leads to emulsification and finally to biodegradation. Evaporation occurs after the first few hours after the oil has been introduced into the water. The best-known way to evaporate the crude is to set it on fire, but this can only be done within a few hours after the oil spill due to having sufficient amount of pure flammable oil to ignite. After the evaporation process the dissolution process begins. The density of the oil will determine just how long the oil will stay at the surface of the water, or how long it will take for the oil slick to break apart and dilute itself. If the oil is relatively light then the period of dilution shall be relatively shorter. Whereas if the oil is heavier in mass, the outcome is a highly persistent water-in-oil emulsion of semi-solid lumps known as chocolat e mousse or more appropriately called tar balls. The latter is potentially more dangerous in a sense that the breakdown period, as well as the outcome of these tar balls is unknown. One known outcome is for the tar balls to sink to the bottom of the ocean and lie undisturbed for an unknown period of time. Here scientists have discovered is where the turmoil begins to discretely affect the food chain. The dilution of oil can affect the marine life in many deadly ways. The releases of toxic chlorinated hydrocarbons, as well as the clouds of chocolate